We also explored the coexpressed genes of the three sterile lines in the two stages and. Cytoplasmic male sterility an overview sciencedirect. Molecular basis of cytoplasmic male sterility genetics. Tapetumspecific expression of a cytoplasmic orf507 gene. Cytoplasmicnuclear male sterility cms, a potential system for economical hybrid seeds. Integrated analysis of transcriptome and proteome changes. Cytoplasmic genetic male sterility this type of male sterility systems. Incompatibility between mitochondrial genome and nuclear genome leads to nonfunctional male reproductive organs and results in cytoplasmic male sterility cms. Male sterility is needed for the production of f1 hybrid seed. Blast basic local alignment search tool analysis indicated that lsp1, a new. Typically, mst represents a condition in which female sex is normal and male sex is nonfunctional. Dec 22, 2015 cytoplasmic genetic male sterility this is a case of cytoplasmic male sterility, for which a nuclear gene for restoring fertility in male sterile line is known. Blast basic local alignment search tool analysis indicated that lsp1, a. In cotton, all three types of male steriles are found.
Apr 30, 2015 cytoplasmic male sterility cms is a maternally inherited inability to produce functional pollen found in numerous flowering plant species. Cytoplasmic male sterility cms is an ideal model for investigating the mitochondrialnuclear interaction and downregulated genes in cms lines which might be the candidate genes for pollen development in rice. Cytoplasmic male sterility cms is a maternally inherited condition in which a plant is unable to produce functional pollen. In several crops like maize, cytoplasmic control of male sterility is known. Cytoplasmic genetic male sterility cgms governed by both nuclear and cytoplasmic genes. Male sterility utilization of male sterile lines in hybrid seed production their limitations, advantages and disadvantages 21.
Origins of rice cytoplasmic male sterility genes cell research. Nov 22, 2016 hybrid rice breeding offers an important strategy to improve rice production, in which the cultivation of a male sterile line is the key to the success of crossbreeding. Stype cytoplasmic male sterility cmss is the largest group among the three major types of cms in maize. Understanding the mitochondrial genome is often the first and key step in unraveling the molecular and genetic basis of cms in plants. Often, the trait is masked by the presence of nuclear genes termed restorers of fertility, or rf genes that suppress the male sterility by reducing expression of the cmsassociated orf. Limitations of male sterility system from the plant breeding point of view. Cytoplasmic genetic male sterility this is a case of cytoplasmic male sterility, for which a nuclear gene for restoring fertility in male sterile line is known. Cytological observation of anther structure and genetic investigation. On a global level, cytoplasmic male sterility cms and cytoplasmic genetic male sterility cgms are the most widely utilized in the majority of vegetables. Male sterility in plants maternal effects and cytoplasmic.
Mar 29, 2016 cytoplasmic male sterility cytoplasmic male sterility is governed by cytoplasmic factors. The comparison of four mitochondrial genomes reveals. Since,this gene restorer male fertility in the male sterile line, it is known as restorer gene. Another form of male sterility not under the sole influence of male nuclear genes is called cytoplasmic male sterility cms. Cms is a condition where plant is unable to produce functional pollen. Transgenic male sterility induced by the technique of genetic engineering. In many instances, male sterility can be recovered by nuclearencoded restorer of fertility rf. The possibility that many more cases of male infertility might be genetic was bolstered. The use of cytoplasmic male sterility for hybrid seed.
Cytoplasmic male sterility cms is not only important for exploiting heterosis in crop plants, but also as a model for investigating nuclear cytoplasmic interaction. The genetics of fertility restoration of cms c group cytoplasm of maize was studied using crosses involving stable maintainer lines and lines that restored full pollen fertility. A quantitative genetic analysis of nuclearcytoplasmic. Linkage analyses were performed using the joinmap5 according to the user manual 50. Cms provides an expedient mechanism to produce large populations of male sterile plants for commercial f1 hybrid seed production. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests. The pollen sterility that is caused by nuclear genes is. Cytoplasmic male sterility cms has been noticed over 150 plant species. Vinod centre for plant breeding and genetics male sterility is defined as the failure of plants to produce functional anthers, pollen, or male gametes. Chemical induced male sterility induced by the use of chemical. Pdf cytoplasmic male sterility in brassicaceae crops. Includes information about the cause of the mutation, its biological.
Genetic and molecular basis of cytoplasmic male sterility. Malesterile plants to the extent of 25% were observed in the f 2 generation of the. Cms is conditioned by gainoffunction mitochondrial genome mutations, giving rise to novel mitochondrial proteins and facilitating the use of cms in hybrid crop seed production. For those crops having flowers that are not amenable to manual. Genetic analysis of the fertility restorer genes of the. Restoreroffertility rf genes are a critical component within the cmsrf system. The failure of pollen formation results in male sterile plants. Cytoplasmic genetic male sterility cgms whenpollen sterility is controlled by both cytoplasmic and nuclear genes is known as cgms. A joint segregation analysis of the inheritance of. Cytoplasmically inherited male sterility cms results from an interaction between the organellar and nuclear genomes that conditions the failure to produce functional pollen.
A wild abortive wa cytoplasmic male sterile line was first developed and. An important example of this interaction is cytoplasmic male sterility cms, which. Gynodioecy, the coexistence of functionally female and hermaphroditic morphs within plant populations, often has a complicated genetic basis involving several cytoplasmic male sterility factors and nuclear restorers. The hybrid contains cytoplasmic male sterility cms genes and the. Cytoplasmic male sterility an overview sciencedirect topics. Cytoplasmic male sterility cms is a maternally inherited inability to produce functional pollen found in numerous flowering plant species. The pollen sterility that is caused by nuclear genes is termed as genic or. Genetic and molecular basis of cytoplasmic male sterility in maize parvez a. This type of sterility differs from cytoplasmic sterility only in that the off spring of male sterile plants can be male fertile when certain stocks are used as pollinators. The selfish gene theory postulates that natural selection will increase the frequency of those genes whose phenotypic effects cause their transmission to new organisms, and most genes. Hardy weinberg law factors affecting equilibrium frequencies in random mating. Male sterility different types genetic, cytoplasmic and cytoplasmic genetic male sterility inheritance and maintenance 20. Male sterile plants produce no functional pollen, but do produce viable eggs. Protein structure analyses for nad7a in a cytoplasmic male sterile cms line icpa 2039 and its cognate maintainer lines, icpb 2039.
Development and primary genetic analysis of a fertility. The zygote carries equal number of chromosomes from both male. A mitochondriatargeted ppr protein restores pol cytoplasmic. The paper documents a range of functionality among. The plant genome original research association of nad7a. Comparative analysis of mitochondrial genomes between the hau. Cytoplasmic male sterility and fertility restoration plant cell.
Cytoplasmic male sterility cms is a maternally inherited trait in higher plants. Male sterility and restorer genes in maize springerlink. Extra credit assignment for plb 112 in which we hannah contois and amber tepe explain cytoplasmic male sterility. Comparative transcript profiling of alloplasmic male. In this article we will discuss about the molecular basis of cytoplasmic male sterility in nature. Over the past decade, the polima cytoplasmic male sterility pol cms three. The former is referred to as genic male sterility and the latter as cytoplasmic male sterility cms. Yamamoto, hiroaki matsuhira, kazuyoshi kitazaki and tomohiko kubo laboratory of genetic engineering, faculty of agriculture, hokkaido university, sapporo. Cytoplasmic male sterility and fertility restoration.
Molecular characterization and application of a novel. Cytoplasmic male sterility systems in forage and turf grass species that are consistently sterile under various environmental conditions are not available yet, or their commercial use is protected by property rights gaue and baudis 2007. In sorghum, stephen and holland 1954 discovered cytoplasmic male sterility cms designated as milo cytoplasm in the progenies of a cross between two cultivars, milo and combine ka. Pdf genetics and breeding system for cytoplasmic and. Though cytoplasmic male sterility cms in peppers is associated with the. The fertility instability phenomenon of cmss is controlled by several minor quantitative trait locus. First documentation of male sterility came in 1763 when. Cytoplasmic male sterility, as the name indicates, is under extranuclear genetic control under control of the mitochondrial or plastid genomes. Cytoplasmic male sterility and mitochondrial metabolism in. However, pigeonpea is a grain legume crop with a moderate level of crosspollination 2070%, which is mainly aided by insect pollinators. Such cytoplasmic for its mode of inheritance male sterility, or cms, is a very widespread trait in higher plants. Cmss exhibits fertility instability as a partial fertility restoration in a specific nuclear genetic background, which impedes its commercial application in hybrid breeding programs.
Pdf development of new cytoplasmicgenetic malesterile. It occurs in many plant species and is often associated with chimeric mitochondrial open reading frames. May 30, 2017 extra credit assignment for plb 112 in which we hannah contois and amber tepe explain cytoplasmic male sterility. This male sterility is controlled by the interaction of cytoplasm and nuclear genes. Important genetic resources to harness heterosis in crop production hybrid vigor, or heterosis, refers to the phenomenon in which the progeny derived from a cross of two inbred lines outperform the parent lines. In cytoplasm genetic male sterility what are the role of. Nuclear genetic male sterility is a common spontaneous occurrence in. The fertility restorer gene,r, is generally dominant and is found in certain strain of the species or may be tranfered from related species. We discuss the role of cytoplasm and genomic conflict in incipient speciation and conclude that cytoplasmic male sterility lowering hybrid fitness is a transient effect with limited potential to form permanent reproductive barriers between diverged populations of hermaphrodite selfincompatible species. These type exhibits reciprocal differences observed.
Male sterile plants are those that fail to produce functional pollen grains. Cytoplasmic male sterility in several crops like maize zea mays and many other plants, cytoplasmic control of male sterility is known. Apr 30, 2014 cytoplasmic male sterility cms is not only important for exploiting heterosis in crop plants, but also as a model for investigating nuclearcytoplasmic interaction. This complexity has made it difficult to study the genetics and evolution of gynodioecy in natural populations. Cytoplasmic male sterility cms is used in hybrid seed production. The plant trait cytoplasmic male sterility cms is determined by the mitochondrial genome and is associated with a. Genetics and breeding system for cytoplasmic and genetic male. Training manual on development of cultivars and seed production techniques. Effect of genetic background of blines on male sterility has been found in case of a1 cms. In the process of hybrid seed production, ogura cytoplasmic male sterility ogucms, controlled by the mitochondrial gene orf8, has been extensively used for cabbage hybrid production with complete and stable male sterility. Exploration of cms in the production of male sterile lines eliminates hand emasculation. Pdf the work on development of cytoplasmic genetic male sterility cms system through conventional breeding was initiated in 1993 at the directorate.
Oct 26, 2018 the mitochondrial genomes of higher plants vary remarkably in size, structure and sequence content, as demonstrated by the accumulation and activity of repetitive dna sequences. This includes information about volume, sperm concentration, motility and morphology. In a number of cases, transcripts originating from these altered open reading frames are translated into unique proteins that appear to interfere with mitochondrial. The radish rfo restorer gene of ogura cytoplasmic male. Cytoplasmic male sterility cms is a widespread, maternally inherited trait of plants that results from the expression of novel, often chimeric genes located in the mitochondrial genome schnable and wise, 1998. Ogurabased cytoplasmic male sterility cms system is widely used for hybrid seed production in brassica vegetables. In such cases if female parent is male sterile, f 1 progeny would always be male sterile fig. Cytoplasmic male sterility an introduction to genetic.
Male sterility in plants is often cytoplasmically based and maternally inherited. In many cases, specific dominant nuclear genes termed restorers of fertility rf have been identified that can suppress the male. Cytoplasmic male sterility and fertility restoration cytoplasmic male sterility cms, a condition under which a plant is unable to produce functional pollen, is widespread among higher plants. Cytoplasmic male sterility in russian dandelion in. A cytoplasmic male sterility cms system is one of the most efficient ways to produce f 1 hybrid seeds in pepper capsicum annuum. Mitochondrial function depends on the coordinate action of nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Cytoplasmic male sterility an introduction to genetic analysis. Mechanisms of genic male sterility iowa state university. The genetic dissection of these interactions presents special challenges in obligate aerobes, because the viability of these organisms depends on mitochondrial respiration. The expression of such orfs can, in turn, result in the phenotype of male sterility, the inability of the plant to produce functional male gametes pollen. The rice restorer rf4 for wildabortive cytoplasmic male sterility encodes. This system relies on cytoplasmic factors and organelle genes nonmendelian inheritance to adversely affect development of one or more types of cells in the anther during some stage of microsporogen. Cytoplasmic male sterility cms is the maternally inherited inability of a plant to produce or shed viable pollen.
We have created nuclear male sterility through genetic engineering of anther specific gene, bcp1. Male sterility and fertility restoration in crops annual. Of these, genic male sterility occurs in 216 species and 17 species crosses and gene cytoplasmic male. Grelon, m, budar, f, bonhomme, s and pelletier, g 1994 ogura cytoplasmic male sterility cmsassociated orf8 is translated into a mitochondrial membrane polypeptide in male sterile brassica cybrids. In the f 2 generation, the fertile and sterile individuals will segregate in 3. Alternative cytoplasmic male sterility systems in sorghum and. Pollen fertility in the sources of cms c sterile cytoplasms studied was restored by a single dominant restorer rf4 gene. Two types of nuclear genes, fr and ms, control this sterility. In fertilization process, zygote is formed by the fusion of egg cell and one male gamete. To determine the genetic model, partially sterile plants were grouped in the sterile phenotypic class because they likely resulted from leakiness of the sterile mutation. Cms is caused by mitochondrial encoded factors which can be counteracted by nuclear encoded factors restoring male fertility. It shows nonmendelian inheritance, with male sterility inherited maternally. In general there are two types of cytoplasm viz, n normal and the aberrant s sterile cytoplasms.
If the female parent is male sterile having plasma gene for male sterility the f1 progeny would always be male sterile. Cytoplasmic genetic male sterility this type of male sterility systems is common in many plant species across plant kingdom. In this study, differences in histochemical localization of anther cytochrome. The cytoplasmic male sterility is controlled by plasma genes associated with mtdna or cpdna. Cytoplasmic male sterility cms, a condition under which a plant is unable to produce functional pollen, is widespread among higher plants. Cytoplasmic male sterility cms is a common feature encountered in plant species.
Cms provides an expedient mechanism to produce large populations of male sterile plants for commercial f1. The adverse effects associated with the introgression of ogura cytoplasm on. Male sterility and hybrid seed production sciencedirect. Cms systems represent a valuable tool in the production of hybrid seed in selfpollinating crop species, including maize, rice, cotton, and a number of vegetable crops. Exploitation of hybrid vigour is quite possible in crosspollinated crops. Genetic and molecular basis of cytoplasmic male sterility in. Extranuclear inheritance refers to inheritance patterns involving genetic material outside the nucleus the two most important examples are due to genetic material within organelles mitochondria and chloroplasts these organelles are found in the cytoplasm therefore, extranuclear inheritance is also termed cytoplasmic inheritance. Pdf development of an effective cytoplasmic genetic male sterility. Understanding the mitochondrial genome is often the first and key step in unraveling the molecular and genetic basis of. Cms systems represent a valuable tool in the production of hybridseedinselfpollinatingcropspecies, including maize, rice, cotton, and a number. Cms is generally caused by aberrant mitochondrial genes that are often chimeric in structure and frequently cotranscribed with conventional mitochondrial genes hanson and bentolila, 2004. Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips. Genetic analysis of russian dandelion f 1 progeny, testing cytoplasmic inheritance of male sterility and nuclear inheritance of a restorer of fertility rf gene. Development of a novel recessive genetic male sterility system for.
Cms systems represent a valuable tool in the production of hybrid seed in selfpollinating crop species, including maize, rice, cotton, and a number of. In this study, a set of rice alloplasmic sporophytic cms lines was obtained by successive backcrossing of meixiang b, with three different cytoplasmic types. In rapeseed, the effective pollination control systems of heterosis utilization include genic male sterility gms, cytoplasmic male sterility cms. Cms and gms facilitate hybrid seed production for many crops and thus allow breeders. The mitochondrial genomes of higher plants vary remarkably in size, structure and sequence content, as demonstrated by the accumulation and activity of repetitive dna sequences. Cgms was first discovered by jones and davis 1944 in onion. Help with pdf files supplemental figures, tables, and. We have also shown that antisense rna inactivation of this unique gene of plant origin leads to nuclear male sterility in arabidopsis and brassica vegetable cauliflower.
Cytoplasmic male sterility cms in plants is a maternally inherited inability to produce functional pollen. Molecular basis of cytoplasmic male sterility in beets. Generating an epub file may take a long time, please be patient. Mapping of the new fertility restorer gene rfpet2 close to. Has cms evolution indeed involved enhancement of protogenes malesterility functions. Cytoplasmic male sterility is a maternally inherited trait that suppresses pollen production due to the interaction of nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. In maize, male sterility can result from either nuclear or mitochondrial gene mutation. The molecular basis of cytoplasmic male sterility and. Cms may be caused by mutations, rearrangement or recombination in the mitochondrial genome. Cytoplasmic male sterility cytoplasmic male sterility is governed by cytoplasmic factors. Development of commercial thermosensitive genic male sterile. The rice restorer rf4 for wildabortive cytoplasmic male.
Cytoplasmic male sterility cms caused by the interaction between s cytoplasm and recessive nuclear genes is extensively used for hybrid seed production on a large. Transcriptome and hormone comparison of three cytoplasmic. In some crop plants male sterile mutants occur in which inheritance of male sterility follows one of the following two patterns. Homology based modeling between icpa 2039 and icpb 2039 using automated homology prediction servers predicted difference between two lines that is a putative indicator for the male sterility of cms line. Intragenomic conflict refers to the evolutionary phenomenon where genes have phenotypic effects that promote their own transmission in detriment of the transmission of other genes that reside in the same genome. In this type, male sterility is controlled by a single gene and is recessive to fertility, so that the f 1 individuals would be fertile. Identification of genes potentially associated with the. Review genetics and biology of cytoplasmic male sterility. Genetic engineering of male sterility for hybrid seed.
Thus, cytoplasmic sterile plants are converted to fertile plants by crossing with the plants with restorer genes. Cytoplasmic male sterility is used in agriculture to facilitate the production of hybrid seed. There are three types of male sterility in crop plants, viz. In plants, male sterility can be caused either by mitochondrial genes with coupled nuclear genes or by nuclear genes alone. Cms is associated with mitochondrial dna mutation, novel chimeric open reading frames orfs, and rearrangement of coding and noncoding regions of the mitochondrial genome. The segregation patterns indicated that two independent dominant fertility restorer rf genes control the pollen formation of the s. This system is also known in cotton,maize, jowar, bajra, sunflower, rice, wheat etc.
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